3 Principle of Natural Justice

The two pillars (+ the third modern): 1. Nemo judex in causa sua — the rule against bias: no one a judge in his own cause; the bias tests (the pecuniary-and-personal interest; the real-likelihood-of-bias doctrine); the institutional-bias questions; the court's-and-tribunal's composition discipline; 2. Audi alteram partem — the hearing rule: hear the other side — the notice (the grounds- and-time adequacy), the opportunity to be heard (the evidence's disclosure, the representation), the reasoned decision (the reason-giving's modern rise); 3. The hearing's fairness content (the modern elaboration): the evidence-disclosure; the cross-examination where credibility decisive; the legal-representation; the reasoned decision; 4. The Nepali application — the classic: Parsuram Banjade v. Durgadas Shrestha, Bagmati Special Court, Kathmandu & Others (NKP 2027, No. 7, P. 157, D.No. 547): the habeas corpus-and-natural-justice ruling — the detaining-and-adjudicating authority's conflict (the delegate vested with quasi-judicial power could not act as judge in his own cause); the detention-and-statement-taking in violation of the fair-process guarantees; the Supreme Court's order (the release-and-compensation line): Nepal's oldest-and-clearest natural- justice precedent — the nemo judex rule's Nepali anchor (as the syllabus prescribes); 5. The principle's reach: the judicial, quasi-judicial and administrative decisions (Unit 3's distinctions); the constitutional anchoring (Article 20(9)'s "impartial, independent and competent court" — the natural-justice constitutionalized); the limits (the statutory exceptions; the emergency's edges; the pure-administrative-policy latitude).