4 Principle of Locus Standi

1. The classical rule: the injured party's standing — the personal-right requirement (the actio popularis bar of the classical law); 2. The modern relaxation: the PIL-era's standing (the public-spirited petitioner; the representative standing; the suo motu court); the group-rights-and-diffuse-interests (the environment, the consumers, the prisoners — the PIL line above); 3. The Nepali position: Article 133(1)'s "any Nepali citizen" (the abstract-review standing — the world's most open: Constitutional Law-II's point) and 133(2)'s public-interest clause; the courts' practice: the standing granted to advocates-and-organizations in the public causes (the FWLD- and-pro-bono line), the standing refused where the private-interest-in-disguise; 4. The balance: the access-vs-abuse calibration (the floodgates-and-merits-screening); the amicus curiae's supporting role (Unit 5).