1. The economic: the unemployment-and-underemployment (the informal-sector's dominance (the LAW5606-U1's informality face)); the asset-lessness (the landless-and-near-landless (the land's concentration)); the low-productivity agriculture (the subsistence trap).
2. The social-and-structural: the discrimination's structures (the caste (the Dalit's exclusion (the untouchability's continuing reality despite the 2068 Act)); the gender (the women's unequal access); the ethnicity-and-geography (the remote-and-lagging regions (the Karnali- and-Madhes faces)); the exclusion's intergenerational transmission.
3. The political-and-institutional: the governance's failures (the corruption (the CIAA's institutional companion (LAW5605-U8.2)); the capture (the elite's rule)); the service-delivery's weakness (the schools-and-clinics' absence); the conflict's legacy (the 1996-2006 displacement-and-destruction).
4. The natural-and-shock: the geography (the mountains' harshness); the disasters (the 2015 earthquake's impoverishment); the climate (the LAW5603-U link: the poor's vulnerability); the remittance-dependence's paradox (the out-migration's mixed book).