8.2 Criminal Medical Negligence versus Civil Medical Negligence

The line's classic (the exam's favourite): the civil (the compensation — the care's falling- below: the mere error-and-lapse); the criminal (the punishment — the gross-negligence's recklessness: the "so bad it's criminal" — the conscious-disregard-and-the-egregious departure (the famous Indian line's "rash-and-negligent" discipline — the Criminal Code's counterpart provisions; the death-by-negligence's faces)); the policy's balance: the medicine's chilling (the defensive-medicine's risk — the criminal's overuse); the accountability's demand (the patient's protection); the Bolam-to-Montgomery evolution (the standard's move: the professional-practice's acceptance → the patient's-material-information — the consent's modern doctrine: the risks' disclosure duty).