8.3 Breach of Medical Ethics and Legal Remedies for Medical Negligence in Nepal

1. The ethics' code: the Nepal Medical Council's code (the registration's condition — the ethics' disciplinary force); the breaches' catalogue (the confidentiality's violation; the advertising's excess; the fee's abuse; the incompetence; the sexual misconduct — the patient's exploitation); the Council's disciplinary powers (the warning-to-deregistration's ladder — the licence's life). 2. The remedies' menu (the Nepal frame): - The Council's complaint (the professional route — the disciplinary). - The civil suit (the compensation — the tort's claim in the courts; the consumer route's debate (the Consumer Protection Act's application to the medical services — the services' inclusion questions)). - The criminal route (the reckless-death's prosecution — the police-and-court). - The constitutional route (the health right's (Art 35) writ faces — the emergency-denial cases' line (the SC's treatment-refusal jurisprudence — the "no-deposit-no-treatment" cases' famous line)). 3. The Nepal Medical Council Act 2020 B.S. (1964) — the profession's statute (the registration-and-licensing; the standards; the disciplinary machinery); the Council's role (the malpractice's investigation; the ethics' enforcement). The prescribed cases (cited verbatim; honest notes): Dr. Dinesh Bikram Shah v. Srijana K.C. (NKP 2066 B.S., Falgun, decision 2066/07/29 B.S.) and Ravi K Gupta on behalf of Vayodha Hospitals Pvt. Ltd. along with 2 doctors v. Pallavi Shrestha (High Court, Patan; certiorari/