5.2 Factors Affecting Social Change

Learn as a checklist, with the Nepali example attached to each factor:1. Technology — the great multiplier (plough → tractor; foot-trail → road → fast track; radio → smartphone; mobile-money in every bhatti).2. Population change — growth, movement and ageing; Nepal's youth bulge and its out- migration.3. Environment and ecology — the Himalayan belt as hazard-zone (the 2015 earthquake as social-change event: displacement, remittance-funded rebuilding, new building codes).4. Economy — new production and livelihood systems: the remittance economy re-ordering the village (who holds power when the young man's monthly transfer replaces the landlord's grain- store?).5. Culture contact and diffusion — goods, ideas, media crossing borders (Bollywood to TikTok); also acculturation under unequal contact.6. Ideas, values and ideology — equality, rights, nationalism, religion: no law out-runs the ideas beneath it.7. Conquest, war and conflict — Nepal's own unification, the Anglo-Nepal War, and the 1996– 2006 armed conflict each re-made society.8. Social movements and revolution — 1951, 1990, 2006, Madhesh movements (Unit 7): movements as change's open hand where revolution is its fist.9. Legislation and the state — law as deliberate change: birta abolition (1959), the Land Act's ceilings (1964), the Muluki Ain 2020 BS (1963) declaring legal equality, the Rights-based cascade of the 2000s–2074 Codes. Law is social change with a signature attached — the thesis of this whole law-faculty syllabus.10.…