4.2 Sanskritization, Nepalization, Globalization

1. Sanskritization (M.N. Srinivas): lower-caste groups raise status by adopting the customs, rituals and ideology of the upper Sanskritic castes — vegetarianism, ritual purity, Sanskritic names and rites (Sociology Unit 2.2's definition, here with its mechanism: emulation toward the dominant tradition). Nepal's classic careers: the hill groups' historical Sanskritisation (and its reverse — de-Sanskritisation/ethnic revival post-1990: mother-tongue ritual, names re- Tibetanised, beef-and-beer politics as identity statement). Srinivas's pair with Westernisation (status by emulating the West) — Nepal runs both engines at once.2. Nepalization: the making of a national culture and identity out of many — the process by which diverse communities came (and come) to share Nepali language, national symbols and state identity: the organic version (markets, armies, schools, marriage across groups) and the state-driven version (the Panchayat-era's one-language-one-religion-one-dress policy — "ek bhasa, ek bhesh," the Nepali language's official spread, the census's categories) — the latter's overreach generating the identity movements of Unit 8; the democratic-era recalibration:national identity re-founded on diversity (the 2015 Constitution's mosaic design). For exams: present Nepalization as a contested acculturation — integration demanded from above, negotiated from below.3. Globalization — the intensifying worldwide interconnection of economies, media, people and ideas (Sociology Unit 5.5's processes): culturally, the twin temptations — homogenization (the same brands, sounds, screens) vs indigenisation/glocalization (the global reworked locally — Robertson's word): momo goes…