1. Customary era (pre-1853): lineage and communal forms — kipat (the Limbu and other eastern communities' communal lineage land); village commons; temple and guthi endowments; property in the Muluki Ain's shadow-ancestors (grants, revenue rights);
2. The Muluki Ain, 1910 B.S. (1853): codified property — land tenures (raikar, birta, jagir, guthi), inheritance and partition (the son-centric, caste-graded order), mortgages and gifts — the unified text that dominated for a century;
3. The Muluki Ain, 2020 B.S. (1963) and the reform century: equality in law (Unit 2 of Criminal Law-I's parallel); land reform legislation (below); the gender-reform amendments' long arc — the 11th amendment (2002): daughters' equal inheritance by birth (conditional on return on marriage — the later-unconstitutional condition), widow's and wife's rights strengthened — the Family Law units' history;
4. The land-reform statutes (1960s–70s): Land Act 2021, Land Acquisition Act 2034, Guthi Corporation Act 2033, Land Revenue Act 2034 — the administrative state's property machinery (Unit 4);
5. The constitutional era (1990–2015): property as a fundamental right — the 1990 Constitution's property clause (with its acquisition-compensation guarantee), the 2007 interim constitution, and the Constitution of Nepal (2015), Article 25 — the modern settlement (Section 7);
6. The Muluki Civil Code, 2074 (2017): the current general law of property — ownership, acquisition, co-ownership, partition, succession, trusts, easements — replacing the Ain's property chapters with a rights-based code (in force August 2018);
7. The recent frontier: titling campaigns, land-use classification legislation, and the digital land- record modernization — property law as a development project.