3 Fraud

Definition (the Code's scheme, by principle): fraud is obtaining property or benefit, orcausing loss, by dishonest deception — the general obtaining-offence beside cheating (Unit 1): the deception practised through words, conduct or documents (the document-fraud the present unit's bridge), inducing the victim's delivery, transfer, or act to the deceiver's advantage. Elements:1. Deception (the false representation — of fact, of identity, of intention; the concealment where duty to disclose);2. Dishonesty (the fraudulent intent at the deception's practice — the civil-criminal boundary again: the contract broken later is not fraud; the contract intended never to be performed is);3. Inducement and causation (the victim acting on the deception — the delivery of money, the signing of the deed, the surrender of the goods);4. The obtaining/loss (the property, service, or benefit acquired; the victim's damage).The forms in the Code and the special statutes (the layered map): the general fraud (the Code's cheating/fraud heads — the Ponzi schemes, the investment scams, the fake-project finance rackets); documentary fraud (the forged instruments deployed — forgery + fraud in one transaction); electronic and financial fraud (the Electronic Transactions Act's cyber-fraud offences: the phishing, the payment-system frauds, the SIM-swap and OTP thefts — the CIB's cyber-crime dockets; the banking-offence statutes' cheque and loan-fraud heads); professionalfraud (the professional's abuse of position — the lawyer's and agent's betrayals).Fraud vs. cheating vs.…