2 Origin and Development of Fundamental Rights

1. The intellectual pedigree: natural law and social contract (Locke's life-liberty-property; Rousseau's popular sovereignty — Political Thought, Semester 2); the Enlightenment's rights declarations;2. The documents' lineage: Magna Carta 1215 (law-of-the-land) → the English Bill of Rights 1689 → the American Declaration of Independence 1776 and the Bill of Rights 1791 → the French Declaration of the Rights of Man 1789 — the first-generation rights' canon;3. The twentieth century's expansion: the Weimar Constitution's social rights; the UDHR 1948 (the modern era's charter) and the two Covenants 1966 (ICCPR/ICESCR — the generations' twin pillars); post-colonial constitutions' synthesis of liberty and social justice; the "new" rights (environment, development, peace — the 1970s–90s);4. Nepal's own ladder: the 1948 Act's silence; the 1951 Interim Act's first chapter of rights (limited, non-justiciable in substance); the 1959 Constitution's justiciable bill of rights (the Indian 1950 model's cousin); the 1962 Constitution's duties-first design (rights as concessions); the 1990 Constitution's full bill (Article 11 equality through the writ jurisdiction of Article 88 — the era of the Supreme Court's expansion); the 2007 Interim Constitution's social-rights additions; the 2015 Constitution's thirty-one rights (Arts 16–46) — the most extensive bill in Nepali history: dignity, equality, freedom, communication, justice, victim's rights, torture, detention, untouchability, property, religion, information, privacy, exploitation, environment, education, language-culture, employment, labour, health, food, housing, women, children, Dalits, senior citizens,…