4 Duties of Citizens (Article 48) and the Limitations of Fundamental Rights onthe State

Duties (Article 48): allegiance — protecting nationality, sovereignty and integrity; abiding by the Constitution and law; compulsory enlistment when the state needs service; protecting and conserving public property. (The exam point: Nepal's 2015 text keeps duties modest — no "fundamental duties" chapter à la India's Part IVA; rights remain the Part's spine.)Limitations of the fundamental rights ON THE STATE (the clause's better reading) — thenegative-and-positive obligations:1. Negative obligations: no law inconsistent with the rights (Article 1's supremacy); no arbitrary arrest, censorship, discrimination, torture, expropriation — the state's hands bound inevery exercise of power (legislature, executive, judiciary alike; Article 126(1)'s "courts and judicial institutions" bound by constitutional law);2. Positive obligations: the duty to legislate for implementation — Article 47: the State shallmake legal provisions within three years of commencement (the implementation statute's pressure: the rights that required statutes — criminalized untouchability, compensation regimes, social-security laws — the 2015–18 legislative rush's constitutional motor; the still-unimplemented clauses as the critique);3. The restriction discipline: rights restricted only by the express provisos — legality (an Act, not executive whim), reasonableness, and the enumerated grounds (sovereignty, communal harmony, public order, morality, contempt, defamation) — the judicial-review test: any law imposing an unreasonable restriction voidable under Article 133(1);4. The horizontal reach: private-power contexts (untouchability in "any private or public place" — Article 24; workplace and family contexts…