1 Separate Bench Systems

The specialization wave — the courts' internal division by case-type (the docket's professionalization):1. Civil bench: the property, contract, family-civil, tort claims' designation (the district courts' bench allocation — the civil-and-criminal separation's base discipline);2. Criminal bench: the prosecution-and-defence's specialization (the bail, trial, sentencing flows; the speedy-trial aims);3. Juvenile bench: the Children's Act's child-justice design — the child-friendly procedure (the closed hearing, the social-worker-and-child-psychologist's association, the diversion-and- rehabilitation preference, the separate records — the CRC's Article 40 face); the bench's composition discipline (the children's court-or-bench framework of the Act 2075);4. Commercial bench: the business disputes' specialized designation (the company, banking, IP- and-insolvency claims — the Supreme Court's-and-the High Courts' commercial benches of the recent practice (the investment-climate reform era's creation); the Commercial Bench Procedure's directions; the aim: the commercial certainty-and-speed (the Doing-Business-era logic);5. Constitutional bench: the Constitution's own design — Article 137: the CJ + four justices hearing the constitutional-review petitions, the jurisdiction disputes, the election disputes (Constitutional Law-II's full treatment, this semester, Unit 6) — the "constitutional court within the Supreme Court"6. Family bench: the family disputes' sensitive designation (the reconciliation-first, the privacy, the child-and-gender sensitivity — Family Law's Unit 7, this semester);7. Live streaming: the hearings' public broadcast (the Supreme Court's-and-High-Courts' live- streaming practice of the recent era — the constitutional cases especially: the open-justice principle's technological face (the "justice…