4 In-Camera Hearing

The closed court: the public's exclusion where justice requires (the open-justice principle's exceptions): the family-and-sexual-offence cases (the privacy-and-dignity protection — the rape trials' closure discipline; the juvenile's closed process); the national-security-and-protected-identity cases (the witness protection; the informants); the judicial discretion's discipline (the necessity, the proportionality, the record's preservation — the closed-hearing's transcript for the appellate eye); the Nepal practice (the codes' privacy provisions; the courtroom's management).