1.2 Jurisdiction of Lower (Trial) Court

The District Court — one in every district (Art 148) — the trial court of first instance for civil and criminal cases: original jurisdiction over cases and execution of judgments (Art 151); habeas corpus and prohibitory-order petitions within the district (Art 151 — the district court as the liberty's first guardian); appeals from quasi-judicial bodies and local-level judicialinstitutions (Art 151); and contempt power. Beside it: the local-level judicial institutions under the district court (Art 148 — provincial law may create them), the Judicial Committees of the local level (Art 217: the Deputy Head/Deputy Mayor convening a three-member committee over cases the law entrusts — the village justice's constitutional face), and the specialized trialbodies — the Special Court (corruption and the special statutes' cases), the Labour Court, the Debt Recovery Tribunal, the Revenue Tribunal (Art 152's specialized courts; no court for a particular case; and the constitutional floor: offences punishable by more than one year's imprisonment triable only by a court or judicial body — Art 152). Trial-level quasi-judicial organs complete the picture: the Chief District Officer's licensing-and-order functions, the CIAA's investigative-accusatorial powers, departmental adjudication under the customs/revenue laws (the judicial-vs-quasi-judicial distinction and its natural-justice discipline — Procedural Law-I, Semester 4).