1.4 Jurisdiction of Administrative Court, Tribunals and Other Quasi-JudicialBodies

Nepal has no separate system of administrative courts: administrative justice flows through four channels — (i) specialized courts and tribunals (Art 152): the Special Court, the Labour Court, the Debt Recovery Tribunal, the Revenue Tribunal — the administrative-state's own adjudicators; (ii) departmental/quasi-judicial bodies: the CDO's statutory functions, customs and revenue adjudication, the CIAA's proceedings, professional disciplinary bodies; (iii) theJudicial Committees (Art 217) at the local level; and (iv) the ordinary courts' supervision — appeal/revision from the tribunals and bodies (Art 151), and the writs (Arts 133, 144) against administrative action. The disciplines binding them: natural justice (nemo judex in causa sua, audi alteram partem — the Parsuram Banjade line, Procedural Law-I), reasoned decisions, jurisdiction-fidelity (the Gajurel/Chandrakala Devi jurisprudence on quasi-judicial power), and the courts' power to quash the excess.