The standard tour (the exam's ladder):
1. The philosophical ancestors: natural law from Stoicism through Locke (natural rights: life, liberty, property) and the Enlightenment.
2. The constitutional births: the American Declaration of Independence 1776 and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen 1789.
3. The industrial-and-social layer: the nineteenth century's labour struggles and the first social legislation.
4. The turning point: the Second World War's atrocities → the UN Charter 1945 (human rights in the purposes) → the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 — the "common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations."
5. The codification: the two Covenants of 1966 (ICCPR and ICESCR, in force 1976) and the specialised conventions (CERD 1965, CEDAW 1979, CAT 1984, CRC 1989, ICRMW 1990, CRPD 2006, CED 2006) — the nine core treaties of U3.
6. The regional and domestic multiplication: the regional systems of U4 and the constitutional bills of rights of U5.
7. The modern generations: development, environment, peace, and the new frontiers (business and human rights; digital rights; the R2P of U7).