The theories' menu (each with one name and one line):
1. Natural rights theory — Locke's lineage: rights precede the state; the state exists to protect them.
2. Positivism — Bentham's scepticism: rights are what the law grants; the critique (the lawful atrocity's lesson) and the reply (the post-1945 settlement: law anchored in higher rights).
3. Utilitarianism — the greatest happiness as the test; the tension with the individual right's absoluteness.
4. Human dignity — Kant's formula: every person an end, never merely a means — the dignity foundation the modern instruments proclaim (the UDHR's opening and the Constitution's Preamble alike).
5. Marxist and critical critiques — rights as the bourgeoisie's ideology vs the material conditions; Baxi's "future of human rights" and the subaltern critiques.
6. Capability approach — Sen and Nussbaum's names: rights as the real freedoms people have reason to value — the development bridge of U2.5.
7. Cultural and religious foundations — the Buddhist, Hindu and Islamic ethics' own dignity vocabularies (the Asian-values debate of U7.1's seed).