5.2 Constitutional Framework

5.2.1 Fundamental RightsThe Constitution's Part 3 (Articles 16–48 — the verified catalogue): the life-and-liberty core (Arts 16–22: the criminal-justice guarantees including the fair trial and the habeas corpus's non- suspendable floor); the equality architecture (Art 18 — the non-discrimination grounds including caste, disability, sexual orientation, and the special-provision proviso); the freedoms (expression, assembly, association, movement — the pandemic-era lessons); the social rights as justiciablerights (the Nepali design's distinction: education, health, food, housing, clean environment, employment, social security — Arts 30–44 — the ESCR's constitutional hardening); the remedies (Art 46 — the right to constitutional remedy; Arts 133/144 — the writ jurisdiction). The FRs' character: directly enforceable, immediately binding (the progressive realization's constitutional answer).5.2.2 Directive Principles and PolicyPart 4 (Arts 50–52): the state's goals-and-policies — the political, economic, social and international directions (the foreign-policy clause of Art 51(13) — the verified UN-Charter-and- Panchsheel anchor); the non-justiciability clause (Art 52) — the directives guide the state but no court can enforce them — the classic tension (the directives' soft force: the interpretation's aid, the policy's audit standard); the Nepali practice (the directives as the PIL's resource — the courts' use of the directives to read the rights generously).5.2.3 National Human Rights Commissions & Other CommissionsThe constitutional-commissions' family (the verified articles): the National Human RightsCommission (Arts 248–249) — the Paris Principles' institution: the…