5.3 Role of Non-state Actors and Private Actors

The duty-bearers' expansion: the classical model (the state alone) against the modern realities — armed groups (the conflict-era's non-state violations — the international humanitarian law's reach, U6.3); corporations (the business-and-human-rights agenda — the UNGPs' corporate duty to respect — the LAW5501 U5.14-and-LAW5710 interface); political parties and media (the actors of the rights' culture); NGOs and civil society (the watchdogs — the advocacy-and- documentation roles; the INGOs); family and community (the private sphere's violations — the domestic violence-and-caste faces; the horizontal effect's doctrine — the state's duty to protect against private wrongs); the individuals' duties (the Constitution's Art 48 — the citizens' fundamental duties' face). The exam's frame: the state remains the primary duty-bearer (respect-protect-fulfil) — but the protection duty reaches every private actor the state can regulate.