5.3 Construction of Contracts

The contract's interpretation: the parties' intention (the objective theory — the words' reasonable meaning, not the secret intent); the plain-meaning first (the parol evidence rule's bar on the prior talks); the whole-contract reading (the clauses harmonised — the U4.5 canon's private-law face); the custom's aid (the trade usage; the course of dealing); the contra proferentem rule (the ambiguity against the drafter); the business-efficacy-and-frustration doctrines (the implied terms' and the-event's faces). The Nepali anchor: the Civil Code 2074's contract faces (the Contract Law course's interpretation provisions — LAW5305/LAW5405's terrain).