6.1 Historical Context and Development of Consumer Protection in Nepal

1. The early faces: the classical law's fraud-and-cheating provisions (the criminal route — the Muluki Ain's wrongs); the essentials' controls (the scarcity era's rationing-and-supply administration).2. The statutory turn: the Consumer Protection Act 2054 (1998) — Nepal's first comprehensive consumer statute, superseded by the Consumer Protection Act 2075 (the Department's machinery, the Council, the compensation committee's era).3. The constitutional layer: the Constitution of Nepal 2015 — Article 44 (the verified text: the consumer's right to quality goods-and-services; the compensation right for the loss from substandard goods-and-services) + Art 51's policy faces (the consumer protection's directive).4. The modern statute: the Consumer Protection Act 2075 (2018) — the present law (the old Act's replacement): the modernised rights-and-forums, the market-monitoring machinery, the Consumer Court's provision.5. The institutional growth: the Department of Commerce, Supplies and Consumer Protection's expansion; the standards' bodies (the Nepal Bureau of Standards — the NS mark of the IP course's U7.4); the local governments' market faces (the federal era's distribution).