1. The traditional era — the Muluki Ain's proof faces: the oath's-and-ordeal's older world; the witnesses-and-documents' rules; the confession's weight (the historical emphasis).
2. The modern statute — the Evidence Act 2031 (1974): the comprehensive code (the relevancy, the admissibility, the examination, the burdens) — the adversarial-and-common-law influence (the Indian Evidence Act 1872's family resemblance).
3. The procedural layering — the procedural codes' trial machinery (the 2019 codes' modernisation: the witness faces, the commission, the video-conference).
4. The modern additions — the electronic evidence (the Electronic Transactions Act 2063's digital faces), the forensic evidence's rise (the DNA-and-science cases — the Forensic Science course's companion), the expert's normalisation.
5. The emerging era — the digital-and-AI questions (U4.3.6-4.3.7), the human-rights layer (the illegal evidence's exclusion debates) — the Evidence Act 2031's modernisation agenda.