5.2 Sources of Nepalese Environmental Laws

1. The Constitution — the rights (Arts 30-and-36's food, 35's health, 32's culture, 44's consumer — the verified catalogue), the directive principles (Art 51(g)), the duties (Art 48's environment face), the federal lists (the forests-and-environment's concurrent faces).2. The statutes — the EPA 2076; the Forest Act 2076; the NPWC Act 2029; the Soil-and- Watershed Act 2039; the Water Resources Act 2049; the Local Government Operation Act 2074 (the municipal environment); the sectoral acts (the mines, the electricity, the transport).3. The delegated-and-policy instruments — the rules (the EPA's regulations), the standards (the emission-and-effluent tolerances), the policies (the climate-and-biodiversity strategies), the plans (the NAPA-LAPA-and-NDC).4. The international layer — the MEAs (U3's catalogue) + the Treaty Act 2047's domestication.5. The jurisprudence — the Supreme Court's environmental PIL (the U5.3.6's line — the Godavari-to-climate-cases' journey).