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Unit 3: Basic Demographic Components and Laws
3.1 Laws Relating to Citizenship
The demographic component of belonging: who counts as one of the people.
- Constitution (Articles 10–15): single federal citizenship with provincial identity; citizenship by descent (father or mother a citizen — the gender-neutral disjunctive of Article 11); the foundling and by-birth categories; naturalization (including the foreign-woman-married-to-citizen route and the children-of-Nepali-mother provisions); citizenship certificates in the mother’s or father’s name with gender identity (Article 12); acquisition/termination by federal law (Article 13); non-resident Nepali (NRN) citizenship’s limited rights form (Article 14); record-keeping (Article 15).
- Citizenship Act 2078 (2021): the operative statute — applications, certificates, naturalization procedure, and the implementation disputes (the gender-equality debates around descent transmission that the constitutional text’s disjunctive was designed to settle).
Citizenship law is population law’s gate: it decides whose births, marriages, and deaths belong to the national count.
3.2 Laws Relating to Registration of Birth and Death
The Birth, Death and Other Personal Events (Registration) Act, 2034 (1977): the compulsory registration of births, deaths, and other personal events (marriage, migration, divorce) at the local registration offices. Functions:
- Legal identity: the certificate as the gateway document (school enrolment, citizenship application, inheritance).
- Vital statistics: the demographic database (fertility and mortality measurement’s raw feed).
- Rights protection: age proof (child-labour and marriage-age enforcement), survivorship proof (inheritance, relief).
The challenge: completeness — the unregistered at the margins (migrants, remote districts, and the identity-document campaigns that chase them).
3.3 Laws Relating to Migration
3.3.1 Concept of Migration
Migration is the movement of people across a boundary (internal: district/province; international: national) involving change of usual residence.
3.3.2 Types of Migration: Permanent, Semi-Permanent, Temporary and Seasonal
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