2 The stages of the discipline

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StageFocusLegal expression Early victimologyVictim typologies, and the idea of victim precipitationArgument used to mitigate sentence Critique of victim precipitationBlaming the victim distorts the enquiryConsent and provocation rules refined Victim rights movementInformation, participation, protectionRight to be heard, compensation, victim impact statements Restorative justiceRepair to the relationship and the harmMediation, community service, reparation orders Victim-centred international lawReparation after mass atrocityReparations programmes, international criminal procedure

Stage	Focus	Legal expression
Early victimology	Victim typologies, and the idea of victim precipitation	Argument used to mitigate sentence
Critique of victim precipitation	Blaming the victim distorts the enquiry	Consent and provocation rules refined
Victim rights movement	Information, participation, protection	Right to be heard, compensation, victim impact statements
Restorative justice	Repair to the relationship and the harm	Mediation, community service, reparation orders
Victim-centred international law	Reparation after mass atrocity	Reparations programmes, international criminal procedure

2 The stages of the discipline

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