Unit 6: Human Rights Protection during Special Situations
6.1 State of Emergency
The constitution’s crisis clause (Article 273 — the verified text): the declaration (the President on the Council of Ministers’s recommendation), the two-thirds parliamentary approval within one month, the three-month renewable extensions, and the non-suspendable rights’ list (including the habeas corpus — the Nepali design’s distinction: the remedy survives the emergency). The international mirror: the ICCPR Article 4 — derogation only in the public emergency threatening the nation’s life, officially proclaimed, strictly required, non-discriminatory, and never touching the absolute rights (life, torture, slavery, retroactive law, conscience — the non-derogable core). Nepal’s emergency history: the 2002-2005 era’s emergency-and-takeover (the 2005 royal takeover’s constitutional crisis — the case law’s rich period); the lessons (the emergency’s abuse pattern: the preventive detentions, the press restrictions, the HC’s habeas jurisprudence holding the line). The exam’s frame: the emergency tests the rights — the non-derogable core is the nation’s legal spine.
6.2 Riots, Uprisings, Civil Strikes
The public-order situations between normality and armed conflict: the state’s duties — the lawful policing of assemblies (the force’s proportionality ladder; the firearms’ strict limits); the detention’s discipline (the ordinary law’s continuation); the accountability for excess (the commissions of inquiry — the NHRC’s and the courts’ roles); the strike’s civil faces (the labour-law’s lawful strike vs the blockade’s coercive faces — the economic-and-social rights of the affected populations); Nepal’s experiences (the andolan generations — 1990, 2006 — the state’s responses and the martyrs’ compensation jurisprudence; the Madhes movements’ policing controversies; the transitional justice’s interfaces).
6.3 Armed Conflicts
The special situation’s deepest law: the international humanitarian law (IHL) application — the two regimes (the international conflicts’ Geneva Conventions-and-Protocol I; the non-international conflicts’ Common Article 3-and-Protocol II); the lex specialis
This is a preview. The complete Human Rights Law notes — full unit, Exam Focus box and model questions — are in the PDF / full version. Get the complete notes →