Unit 3: Constitution and Labour Laws
3.1 Constitutionality of Labour Laws
The constitutional anchors: the fundamental rights’ face — the labour’s rights in the rights catalogue (Art 18’s equality-and-remuneration (the verified 18(4): the equal remuneration for the same work); the association (Art 17); the labour’s own faces (the employment-and-labour rights of the Part-3 catalogue — the verified Art 33’s employment-and-social-security faces); the directive principles’ face — Art 51’s labour-and-employment policies (the state’s duties); the constitutionality’s discipline: the labour statutes tested against the rights (the balance: the business-liberty vs the workers’ protections — the proportionality’s application in the labour cases).
3.2 Fundamental Rights of the Worker
The worker’s constitutional package (the verified catalogue’s labour-relevant articles): the freedom of association (the union’s constitutional base — Art 17); the equality-and-non-discrimination (Art 18 — the workplace discrimination’s bar; the equal remuneration); the employment-and-labour rights (the fair labour practices; the social security’s constitutional promise); the safe-and-healthy workplace (the labour provisions’ reading); the children’s protection (the child labour’s constitutional bar — the Art 39 faces); the remedy (Art 46’s route — the labour rights’ enforcement through the writs).
3.3 Historical Development of Labour Legislation in Nepal
- The early faces — the 1950s’ beginnings: the factories’ small-scale legislation (the industrial employment’s first rules); the 2016-2017 B.S. era’s plantations-and-mines acts lore.
- The 2048 revolution — the post-1990 democratic era’s codification: the Labour Act 2048 (the comprehensive framework) + the Trade Union Act 2048 (the unions’ freedom); the Factory-and-Farmworkers’ earlier acts’ absorption.
- The conflict era’s turbulence — the industrial relations’ politicisation (the unions’ fragmentation; the closures).
- The 2074 modernisation — the Labour Act 2074 (2017): the consolidation-and-modernisation (the employment’s forms; the working-conditions’ standards; the disputes’ machinery; the OSH’s elevation); the Social Security Act 2074
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