Unit 2: International Fiscal Law
2.1 Moral Rationale of International Fiscal Law
The international dimension’s justification: the tax’s globalisation (the mobile capital-and-income vs the territorial states — the base’s escape); the fairness’s claims (the inter-nation equity — the developing countries’ revenue loss (the illicit flows’ drain); the tax-justice movement’s advocacy); the cooperation’s necessity (the double-taxation’s avoidance + the double-non-taxation’s prevention — the two faces); the standards’ harmonisation (the common rules’ efficiency).
2.2 WTO Membership and Its Impact on Fiscal Imbalances
The WTO’s fiscal faces (the trade course’s companion): the tariff-bindings (the ceiling’s commitment — the rates’ sovereignty limited); the national-treatment (the internal taxes’ non-discrimination — the imports’ equal burden); the subsidies’ discipline (the prohibited-and-actionable faces — the fiscal support’s constraints); the LDC’s flexibilities (the S&D’s room — Nepal’s 2004-accession commitments’ faces); the fiscal imbalance’s impact: the trade-tax base’s erosion (the tariffs’ reduction — the developing states’ historical reliance); the domestic-tax transition’s burden (the VAT’s compensating rise); the customs’ modernisation’s demands.
2.3 Impact of the World Bank, IMF, and Other International Organizations on National Fiscal Law
- The IMF: the macro-fiscal surveillance (the Article-IV consultations); the programs’ conditions (the structural-adjustment’s history — the fiscal-austerity-and-reform conditionalities: the celebrated-and-criticised legacy); the technical assistance (the tax-administration’s modernisation — the IRD’s faces).
- The World Bank: the project-and-program finance (the development’s funding); the DPOs (the development-policy operations — the budget-support’s conditions); the PFM reforms (the public-financial-management’s modernisation — the MTEF-and-PEFA faces).
- The others: the ADB (the infrastructure’s finance + the PFM); the UN’s faces (the SDG-financing; the tax’s cooperation (the UN’s tax committee-and-the convention)); the OECD (the standards’ setter: the BEPS-and-the inclusive-framework — the global-minimum-tax’s arrival); the EU (the direct-effect-free but the standards’ influence).
The sovereignty’s debate:
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