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Unit 2: Cyber Crime
2.1 Concept, Nature and Elements of Cyber Crime
The concept: the crime-involving-the-computer (the two-faces: the computer-as-target (the hacking (the system’s-violation)) and the computer-as-tool (the fraud-and-the-harassment’s-online)); The elements (the exam’s-trio): the actus (the electronic-act (the access (the modification (the transmission)))); the mens-rea (the intent (the dishonest-or-the-malicious (the “unauthorised”‘s-core))); the electronic-environment (the network’s-the-device’s (the “cyber”-element’s)); The nature: the borderless (the cross-jurisdiction’s (the investigation’s-nightmare)); the anonymous (the attribution’s-challenge (the IP’s-and-the-VPN’s (the mask’s))); the scalable (the one-to-many (the mass-victimisation’s)); the evidentiary-volatility (the logs’-and-the-deletion’s (the U2.4’s-chain)).
2.2 Evolution of Cyber Crime
The morphs’ line: the pranks-to-the-profit (the 1980s’-hackers’ (the curiosity-and-the-credibility’s-era (the Morris-worm’s-1988-lore)) → the 2000s’-the-criminal-industry (the phishing-and-the-carding (the organised’s-arrival))); the state’s-face (the espionage-and-the-disruption (the Stuxnet-2010-era’s-lore (the names-only))); the platform-era (the social-engineering’s (the scam-industry’s ( the BEC-the-romance-and-the-investment’s ( the Nepal-migrant’s-targeting’s (the remittance’s (the “digital-arrest”-era’s-faces (the current’s-hedge)))))); the RaaS (the ransomware-as-a-service (the crime’s-SaaS (the franchise’s))); the AI-era (the deepfake’s-and-the-automated-attack’s (the U5.6’s)).
2.3 Types of Cyber Crimes and Cyber Criminals
2.3.1 Cyber Crimes Against Person
- **The harassment-and-stalking’s (the cyber-bullying (the troll’s-and-the-menace’s (the women’s-disproportionate-targeting (the LAW5702-U3’s-GBV-online-face)))); the defamation’s-online (the post-and-the-share’s (the LAW5610-U7’s-companion));
- The sexual-offences’: the image-based-abuse (the non-consensual-sharing (the “revenge-porn”‘s (the blackmail’s-sextortion’s (the minors’-CSAM’s (the absolute-evil’s)))); the grooming’s (the minor’s-luring (the contact-and-the-trust’s (the trafficking’s-bridge (the LAW5702-U3.3’s))));
- The identity-crimes’: the impersonation (the fake-profile’s (the OTP’s-and-the-sim-swap’s (the identity-theft’s));
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