Unit 2: Law of Patent
2.1 Concept, Types and Elements of Patent (Patentability)
The patent = the invention’s exclusive right (the limited-term monopoly in exchange for the disclosure — the invention’s publication to the world). The patentability’s three elements (the exam’s core):
- Novelty (the new-to-the-world: the prior-art’s absence — the absolute-novelty standard; the prior-use’s-and-publication’s destruction);
- Inventive step (the non-obviousness: the person-having-ordinary-skill’s surprise — the obvious-to-try’s bar);
- Industrial applicability (the utility: the making-or-using in any industry).
The exclusions’ catalogue (the TRIPS-and-national faces): the discoveries-scientific-principles-and-mathematical methods; the business methods; the plant-and-animal varieties’ traditional bar (the UPOV’s separate world — U6.4); the diagnostic-therapeutic-and-surgical methods; the immoral-and-ordre-public inventions. The types: the product-and-process patents (the process’s reach into the product’s proof — the reverse-burden’s lore); the national’s filing-types (the ordinary-and-the convention applications (the Paris priority’s claim)); the PCT’s international-route faces.
2.2 Justifications on Protection of Patent
The case’s four faces (the exam’s list): (1) the incentive-to-invent (the utilitarian bargain — the R&D’s finance-and-the risk’s reward); (2) the disclosure’s bargain (the publish-to-protect trade — the secret’s-antidote (the alternative’s-and-the trade-secret’s world of U6.3)); (3) the commercialisation’s engine (the investment’s-and-the licensing’s security — the lab-to-market’s bridge); (4) the development’s-and-the public’s balance (the access-to-medicines’ debate; the compulsory-licensing’s flexibilities (2.4); the innovation’s diffusion — the critics’-and-the defenders’ war (the exam’s critical note)).
2.3 Subsistence, Ownership, and Term of Patent; Patent Specification
Subsistence: the registration’s dependency (the first-to-file’s world (the Nepal-and-continental standard; the US’s-first-to-invent’s old exception — the 2013’s harmonisation’s note)); the filing-and-examination’s process (the application’s formalities; the substantive examination’s-and-the opposition’s faces; the grant’s publication). Ownership:
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