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Unit 5: Introduction of Artificial Intelligence
5.1 Meaning, Concept and Scope of Artificial Intelligence
The meaning: the machine’s-human-like (the “intelligence” exhibited-by-the-artificial (the tasks-requiring-intelligence (the perception-the-reasoning-the-learning-the-language)))); The concept’s-evolution: the Turing’s-test (the 1950’s-question (“can-machines-think?” (the imitation-game’s))); the Dartmouth-1956 (the field’s-naming (the “AI”‘s-birth)); the winters-and-the-springs (the funding’s-boom-and-bust (the 1970s’-80s’-winters ( the 2010s’-spring: the deep-learning’s (the data+the-compute (the ImageNet-era’s))))); the generative-turn (the 2020s’ (the LLM’s-and-the-diffusion’s (the ChatGPT-era’s (the general-purpose’s-arrival)))); The scope’s-typology: the narrow-vs-the-general (the ANI (the task-specific (the today’s-all)) vs the AGI (the human-level (the horizon’s (the risk-debate’s))); the methods’ (the machine-learning (the supervised-the-unsupervised-the-reinforcement (the deep’s-and-the-network’s))); the applications’ (the vision’s (the NLP’s (the robotics’s (the generative’s (the everywhere’s)))));
5.2 Legal and Ethical Challenges of Artificial Intelligence
- The bias’s-and-the-discrimination’s: the training-data’s-legacy (the historical-bias’s-reproduction (the hiring’s-and-the-lending’s-faces (the LAW5702-U1’s-technical-discrimination (the “garbage-in”‘s)))); the fairness’s-definitions (the impossible-trio’s-lore (the trade-offs’));
- The transparency’s-and-the-explainability’s: the black-box’s (the deep-model’s-opacity ( the decision’s-reasons (the credit-and-the-parole’s (the contest’s-right (the LAW5605-U7’s-reasons-requirement’s-AI-face))))); the XAI’s-efforts’;
- The accountability’s-and-the-liability’s: the who’s-question (the developer-the-deployer-the-user (the chain’s (the “many-hands”‘s)); the product-vs-the-tort’s (the defective-algorithm’s (the LAW5505-U’s-products-face)); the autonomy’s-myth’s (the “the-AI-did-it”‘s-rejection (the human-in-the-loop’s-requirement)); the vehicles’s-and-the-agents’s (the accidents’-cases (the comparative’s-lore));
- The privacy’s-and-the-data’s: the training’s-harvest (the consent’s-absence ( the scraping’s (the copyright’s-too (the LAW5502-U’s-AI-face))); the inference’s (the intimate-prediction’s (the GDPR’s-profiling-faces));
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